Different Forms Of Matrix Organization Essay - 1811 Words

Project management can take on a variety of applications and systems, making it difficult to find a consent concise definition within literature. However, Cleland and King (1983) succinctly define project management as a â€Å"combination of human and nonhuman resources pulled together in a ‘temporary’ organization to achieve a specific purpose† (Cleland King, 1983, p. 187). Galbraith (1971) characterised a continuum of project management systems. At one end is ‘functional organisation’, which is regarded as more traditional, through to ‘product organisation’. Existing in the middle is ‘matrix organisation’, a hybrid of either end of the spectrum (see fig. 1). Three different forms of matrix organisation are identified in literature: ‘functional matrix’, ‘balanced matrix’, and ‘project matrix’ (Gobeli Larson, 1986; Vasconcellos Hemsley, 1981; Youker, 1977). Each of the project manage ment systems establishes distinctive associations between the various participants in a project. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest a single superior project management system. Rather the project and functional managers in a project management system are what drives the successfulness of a project, and are intrinsically connected to the project organisational culture. The project management system ‘functional organisation’ is, as stated previously, the more traditional organisational system. It is where an existing organization is separated into segments and projects areShow MoreRelatedManagement929 Words   |  4 Pagescater for all management structures I will have in place. I would also need to be widely diversified in my operations in order to spur growth. To maintain an effective management system, there will also be a need for effective coordination among the different stores. For this approach to meet its target of measuring up to the competition provided by established companies like Abercrombie and Fitch, each of my company’s stores will have a relatively autonomous management structure but major decision-makingRead MoreHBS General Motors essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿What are the challenges of managing a matrix organization like GM’s basketweave? How has GM chosen to address these challenges? GM’s basketweave structure fits into a simultaneous organization structure perfectly. The purpose of implementing this matrix structure is to achieving both differentiation and integration within different regional segments and also within functional units. The new structure will help â€Å"to overhaul processes and reduce overlapping product lines, eliminating similar, oftenRead MoreProject Planning: Questions1450 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful project. a. stakeholders c. team members b. end users d. functional managers ____ 2. The ____ focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. a. structural frame c. symbolic frame b. political frame d. human resources frame ____ 3. During project planning in a matrix organization, the project manager determines that additional human resources are needed. From whom would he request these resources? Read MoreLateral Structures, Organic Systems, And Professional Organizations890 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation for organizations. 3 Different lateral structural arrangements used within organizations that exclude project teams, matrix structures, organic systems, and professional organizations. 4 Formal and Informal Meetings 4 Committees 5 Coordinating Roles 5 Task Forces 6 Self-Managing Teams 6 Network Structures 7 Adhocracy Structure 7 Cross Functional Teams 7 Integrated Management Teams 8 Process Based Structure 9 Management’s Insinuation of Lateral Structured Arrangements within Organizations 9 ReferencesRead MorePrimary Project Management Organizational Structures1604 Words   |  7 Pagesstructures A project organization is a structure that facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities. Its main reason is to create an environment that fosters interactions among the team members with a minimum amount of disruptions, overlaps and conflict (pm4dev, 2007).Selecting the organization structure is one of the most important points to start any project. On the basis of unique characteristics of the project, each project structure various forms its own advantages andRead MoreContingency Theory727 Words   |  3 PagesNATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO WHICH THE ORGANIZATION RELATES.† William Richard Scott CONTINGENCY THEORY TELLS US THAT AN ORGANIZATION IS MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN IT ADAPTS AND FITS ITSELF TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. CONTINGENCY THEORY IN A NUTSHELL ï‚ § Organizations are open systems that need careful management to satisfy and balance internal needs and to adapt to environmental circumstances ï‚ § There is no one best way of organizing. The appropriate form depends on the kind of task or environmentRead MoreChange Management Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesChange is an integral part of any organization that needs to keep abreast of its competitors in the business. It is important since it is the process through which an organization embraces new ideas or technology for running a business and quits using old-fashioned ways that have proved not to be working. The process of change management is a very crucial one since it determines the success or failure of the change. People fear change, and it is very important that steps are taken towards makingRead MoreProcter Gamble s Organizational Structure1150 Words   |  5 Pagesa major consumer goods manufacturing company that is a global corporation. Whereas, they manufacture products such as paper towels, diapers, laundry and dish detergents, soaps and shampoos, and cosmetics such as make-up. With such an array of differ ent products and sheer size, from top to bottom Proctor Gamble’s organizational structure is huge. Thus, there is a multitude of factors that determine the organizational structure at Proctor Gamble. In the following, Proctor Gamble’s organizationalRead MoreEssay on Project Management1166 Words   |  5 PagesFunctional, Matrix, and Dedicated Team Approaches to Managing Projects These team approaches have all different set of advantages and disadvantages to them. The major difference between the three is that functional team approach is â€Å"employed† totally from within the parent organization. Functional approaches have absolutely no cost to them and provide more than adequate flexibility in the use of staff. However, its disadvantages include poor integration and a distinct lack of ownership that doesRead MorePrinciples of Organization1040 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples of Organization These four broad principles have many variations and considered as exclusive principles of organization which are as under: Chronological Order (order of Time) In  chronological order  or  time order, items, events, or even ideas are arranged in the order in which they occur. This pattern is marked by such transitions as  next, then, the following morning, a few hours later, still later, that Wednesday, by noon, when she was seventeen, before the sun rose, that April

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay - 1097 Words

Maya Angelou was considered numerus things during her life she was an author, poet, actor, director, singer, dancer, writer and civil rights activist. She was considered one of the most renowned and influential voices of current views. She is one of the few recognisable civil rights activist working right beside Martin Luther Jr and many other leaders including presidents. Working in the Reagan and Bush ad ministry. She wrought a best-selling auto biography â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†. Trough-out her legacy she continuously created poems promoting civil rights from her personal and social views. â€Å"still I rise â€Å"is one of her earlier working but is still consider one of the greatest poems on discussing the social views at the time of tis publishing and still hold value to todays current events. This text will be Analysing the poem â€Å"still I rise† But first discussing the experiences that Maya Angelou has gone through. Then Analysing the core me ssage that the poem and how the two relates. Maya Angelou was born in St. louis Missouri in 1928 April 4th where she was named Marguerite Johnson. At the age of 7 her parents separated and she and her younger brother Baily were force to move with her father’s mother Annie Henderson In Stamp’s Arkansas. Due to the growing issues of racism in the southern area of America Marguerite witness the police brutality and discrimination from society firsthand. This was due the large uproar that was happening in the south at the time inShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1555 Words   |  7 Pages28th of May 2014, she was an Activist, acclaimed American poet, storyteller and autobiographer. However, all her accomplishments were born out of abuse, violence, neglect and pain, that she wrote about in her autobiographical novel, I know why the caged bird sings which was published in 1969. In the book, she wrote not only about the conflicts that plagued her for much of her life but also how the role they played in her life. Particular problem areas discussed include, the difficulties she experiencedRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1445 Words   |  6 PagesPresentation I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a self-portraying record of Maya Angelou that shows how cherish for writing and having a solid character can assume a huge part in conquering bigotry and misery. Throughout the story, it is clear that Maya changes from being a setback of bigotry to end up distinctly a young lady with self-nobility and character that helps her to conquer partiality. The setting of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings concentrates on the issues connected with bigotry thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings948 Words   |  4 PagesAngelou is a poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and her many poetry and essay collections. So many things happen to Maya Angelou but she was amazing and a brave woman too not everyone would be same after what happen to her. Maya Angelou has become the most amazing singer, dancer, actress, poet and writer she is even an author of autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Singsâ₠¬  a book that tells the things that setback and helped Maya to be who sheRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only was Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. She was a womanRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2695 Words   |  11 Pages I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings According to Willard Scott, â€Å"Positive Feelings come from being honest about yourself and accepting your personality, and physical characteristics, warts and all; and, from belonging to a family that accepts you without question.† Maya Angelou illustrates this in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, an autobiography on herself. It illustrates Maya Angelou’s struggles of accepting herself because of some cruel experiences in her life. Maya was an African American girlRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2495 Words   |  10 PagesIn the memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou presents the theme: coming of age. This theme is shown throughout the book many times, especially when something big happens to her, changing the way that she reacts to things and the way that she sees things. Another way that this theme is shown throughout the book is the way that she words things in the beginning, vs the way that she words things in the end. The change in her w riting style and her language shows this. Not only was sheRead MoreEssay on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1319 Words   |  6 Pagesstreet cars 5) Key Statements About the Character amp;nbsp;a) â€Å"Ritie, don’t worry ‘cause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I seen digging ditches or worse. You smart. I swear to God, I rather you have a good mind than a cute behind.† (p.56) amp;nbsp;b) â€Å"In those moments I decided that although Baily loved me he couldn’t help. †¦ I knew that because I loved him so much I could never hurt him† (p. 73) 6) Key Actions amp;nbsp;a) Father comes to Stamps and takes them to their mother amp;nbsp;b) MovesRead MoreEssay on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1048 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute to the way she grows up and the person she becomes. Despite some of her tragic circumstances, she learns a lot growing up, mainly because of the African-American women in her life who teach her all different life lessons. In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Marguerite gets to absorb teachings from her mother (Vivian), Mrs. Bertha Flowers, and her grandmother (Momma). These women allow Marguerite to learn and grow as an African-American female, all while paving her own way. MargueriteRead More I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay730 Words   |  3 Pages Three primary problems â€Å"cage† Maya Angelou in her autobiographical book I Know why the Caged Bird Sings. The most pressing of these issues was probably the fact that Maya lived in the highly segregated south. Another factor of her imprisonment was because Maya, also known as Marguerite, was a social outcast, with very few friends other then relatives. Finally, the main character was entrapped because of her unusual sexual exposure. Over all, the highly segregated life she led, her exclusion socially

Case Study Of Robert Holden Suffering From Cardiac Health Adversities

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of Robert Holden Suffering From Cardiac Health Adversities. Answer: Patho-physiology: This case study represents the case of a patient named Robert (Bobby) Holden who is a 62 year old man suffering from various cardiac health adversities which ultimately resulted into the incidence of an acute pulmonary oedema. There can be various different course of pathophysiology that can lead to the cardiac complications that has been indicated in the case study. First and foremost, it has to be mentioned that acute pulmonary oedema is associated with fluid accumulation in the lung parenchyma and alveoli that leads to chronic and frequent episodes of shortness of breath and impaired gas exchange; enhancing the chances of mortality of the patient (Vital, Ladeira Atallah, 2013). Now, the preliminary diagnosis of the buddy nurse attending the patient under consideration indicated at acute pulmonary oedema and the most plausible reason behind the diagnosis can be congestive heart failure. The underlying pathophysiology behind the manifestation of acute pulmonary oedema is centered o n the excessive fluid backup. According to the Norhammar, Johansson, Thrainsdottir and Rydn (2017), one of the prime contributors of congestive heart failure is the inability of the left ventricle to pump enough blood satisfy the need for fresh oxygenated blood to reach the entire body, which leads to oxygen deficiency. In such conditions the heart is not able to remove the pulmonary circulation out at a sufficient rate which causes blood back up (Huh et al., 2012). This phenomenon enhances the wedge pressure effectively, and facilitated by the cumulative impact of left ventricular failure, fluid overload in the kidney and arrhythmia, it leads directly to pulmonary oedema. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that the ability of the lymphatic system to remove the fluid from the interstitial space depends critically on the systemic venous pressure. In case of the congestive heart failure, the decreased cardiac output and deficiency of oxygenated blood contributes to the pulmonary congestion and acutely increased after-load, indirectly facilitating pulmonary oedema (Al Deeb, Barbic, Featherstone, Dankoff Barbic, 2014). In this case scenario, the patient had been a active smoker for 44 years and also had a habit of drinking two bottles of VB every night. Hence these two factors can have a significant impact on the respiratory apparatus and the cardiac muscles, enhancing the vulnerability of the patent going through the resent clinical manifestations. Along with that the patient had been slightly obese and had been diagnosed with diabetes as well, both of which enhance the risk of congestive heart failure due to excessive blood sugar and cholesterol deposition leading to blockages (Caudrillier et al., 2012). The patient had the symptoms of cool to touch extremities and distended jugular veins; both of which is a clear indication of a oxygen deficiency leading to congestive heart failure and pulmonary embolism. It has to be mentioned that in congestive heart failure the lack of proper oxygenated blood flow to the vital organs result into blood being pulled off from the accessory organs like the extrem ities causing it to appear cool to touch; and it enhances the central nervous pressure. Hence the most plausible reason behind the acute pulmonary oedema is the congestive heart failure and its deterioration (Davison, Terek Chawla, 2012). The first symptom that the patient under case study which can relate excellently to the congestive heart failure, is the shortness of breath. It has to be mentioned that systolic heart failure, the left ventricle is unable to pump enough oxygenated blood to satisfy the need of the entire body. Due to the inefficiency of the heart to pump and remove the blood from the pulmonary veins, the blood backs up into the pulmonary veins causing a congestion that increases the blood pressure in the veins. As a direct result of this phenomenon the fluid is pushed into the surrounding alveoli, which in turn reduces the normal oxygen movement through the lungs as well. The cumulative result of both of the phenomenon together cause shortness of breath, and this is the most likely pathophysiology behind the shortness of breath experienced in case of the patient as well (Mammoto et al., 2013). The second symptom exhibited by the patient had been the accelerated heart rate at 126 beats per minute. It has to be mentioned that this symptom exhibited by the patient as well is a very common clinical manifestation of the heart failure and is most frequently observed as well. Exploring the underlying pathophysiology, it can be mentioned that congestive heart failure is associated with inability of the left ventricle of the heart which performs the greatest blood circulating burden throughout the body. As a result there is a significant deficiency of oxygen rich blood throughout the body (Miniati, Cenci, Monti Poli, 2012). There is significant threat to the various metabolic and physiological processes that keep the human body functional. Hence, there is enhanced burden on the heart and in order to satisfy the demand of the body, it overcompensates the amount of blood pumped. This overcompensation to meet the demands of the rest of the body leads directly to higher heart rate and tachypnoea. In this case as well the patient had a more or less sedentary lifestyle and with the added burden of diabetes, smoking, and alcohol addiction, enhanced the arterial blockages of the patient and damaged the cardiac muscles which led to congestive heart failure (Gavrilovskaya, Gorbunova, Koster Mackow, 2012). Investigations: Investigative assessments are a key decisive factor associated with adequate care and management of cardiac emergencies. In this case, that needs to be performed for the patient under focus in the case study is the arterial blood gas assessment. It has to be understood in thos context that the interruption of the blood flow after a cardiac arrest can lead to intense hypercarbic and metabolic acidosis which results into accumulation of CO2, lactate and the hydrogen anions. According to the research, there are a few dominant blood gas abnormalities in the patients going through a cardiac arrest episode, such as the hypoxemia, heypercarbic acidosis and lactic acidosis. The arterial blood gases provide critical information regarding the pCO2 and pO2 levels as well (von Auenmueller, Christ, Sasko Trappe, 2017). The pCO2 levels assessment within the first 5 minutes oif the arrival of the patient to the emergency department has been considered an independent predictor of the chances of sus tained ROSC in the patient and the status if the ischemic insult as well. On amore elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that pH level assessment marks the duration and severity grade of the no-flow-interval and high lactate levels indicate poor outcome and increased chances of mortality. Hence, it can be safely concluded that the te arterial blood gases parameters correlate exceptionally well with the mortality of the patients. Hence, arterial blood gas assessment is the first line of assessment needed to be done for the patient (Kim et al., 2016). The next assessment that has been ordered is the 12 lead ECG, which is another highly crucial assessment for the patients going through a severe cardiac arrest. It has to be understood in this context that electrocardiogram has been a breakthrough in health care which has improved the mortality status for cardiac patients effectively, and according to the American heart association, 12 lead ECG assessment is central for the clinical decision making framework for the cardiac arrest patients. This particular assessment is recommended right after the Return of spontaneous circulation tests. This test identifies whether the patient is having a STEM or non STEM myocardial infarction. According to the research, each of the different steps of the 12 lead ECG allows the health care professionals to identify whether and to what extent the patient will be benefitted from coronary reperfusion interventions. Hence, it has been undoubtedly the second most necessary investigative assessment used i n the study (James et al., 2015). Pharmacology: Acute pulmonary oedema is a very common yet very risky complication that arises from the congestive heart failures and has the possibility of causing further complications leading to fatal consequences (Mebazaa et al., 2015). Hence, it is very important for the nursing professionals caring for the patient must take into consideration immediate and prompt emergency care initiatives to stabilize the patient and prevent any further exacerbations. It has to be mentioned in this context that the most important care priority in this case is to improve the oxygenation and reduce the pulmonary congestion leading to the shortness of breath and troubled breathing as well. Although, in this case the external breathing support is the most frequently opted measure to manage the patient however, it is not sufficient by any means (Kushimoto et al., 2012). Decreasing fluid overload and blood back up is a primary concern for the patient which will have lasting effects on reducing the wheezing and sho rtness of breath. Pharmacological interventions that can be employed in this case include administration of medications, like diuretic lasix which will significantly reduce the fluid overload by facilitating dieresis in his body. It will gradually reduce the level of pulmonary congestion and will help the patient breathe better and will reduce the symptoms of pulmonary oedema (De Boer et al., 2016). It has to be understood that for the patients with congestive heart failure extending towards pulmonary oedema reducing the fluid volume is crucial. This loop diuretic helps in triggering the kidneys to remove water more efficiently from the rest of body, reducing mortality of the patient and facilitating normal physiological functions of the body. (Bahloul et al., 2013). Along with that, Lasix will help in reducing the fluid back up from the lungs and hence will reduce the shortness of breath that he had been feeling. The diuretic effect of the drug helps in reducing swelling from the r est of the body as well (Hodson et al., 2017). References: Al Deeb, M., Barbic, S., Featherstone, R., Dankoff, J., Barbic, D. (2014). Point?of?care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta?analysis.Academic Emergency Medicine,21(8), 843-852. Doi: org/10.1111/acem.12435 Bahloul, M., Chaari, A., Dammak, H., Samet, M., Chtara, K., Chelly, H., ... Bouaziz, M. (2013). Pulmonary edema following scorpion envenomation: mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.International journal of cardiology,162(2), 86-91. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.013 Caudrillier, A., Kessenbrock, K., Gilliss, B. M., Nguyen, J. X., Marques, M. B., Monestier, M., ... Looney, M. R. (2012). Platelets induce neutrophil extracellular traps in transfusion-related acute lung injury.The Journal of clinical investigation,122(7), 2661-2671. Doi: 10.1172/JCI61303 Davison, D. L., Terek, M., Chawla, L. S. (2012). Neurogenic pulmonary edema.Critical care,16(2), 212. doi.org/10.1186/cc11226 De Boer, R. A., ter Maaten, J., Damman, K., Muntendam, P., Sica, D. A., van Veldhuisen, D., Pitt, B. (2016). PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO ORAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS FUROSEMIDE ADMINISTRATION: FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH A NOVEL BUFFERED FUROSEMIDE FORMULATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,67(13 Supplement), 1474. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(16)31475-9 Gavrilovskaya, I., Gorbunova, E., Koster, F., Mackow, E. (2012). Elevated VEGF levels in pulmonary edema fluid and PBMCs from patients with acute hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.Advances in virology,2012. Doi: 10.1155/2012/674360 Hall, M. J., Levant, S., DeFrances, C. J. (2012). Hospitalization for congestive heart failure: United States, 20002010.age,65(23), 29. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carol_DeFrances/publication/232718240_Hospitalization_for_Congestive_Heart_Failure_United_States_2000-2010/links/0f317535869223eaea000000.pdf Hodson, D., Jackson, K., Chunara, Z., Rao, V., Mahoney, D., Thomas, D., ... Ahmad, T. (2017). Urine Sodium Content is Highly Variable in Hospitalized Acute Heart Failure Patients: Lasix Urine is Not Necessarily Half-Normal Saline.Journal of Cardiac Failure,23(8), S7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.07.013 Huh, D., Leslie, D. C., Matthews, B. D., Fraser, J. P., Jurek, S., Hamilton, G. A., ... Ingber, D. E. (2012). A human disease model of drug toxicityinduced pulmonary edema in a lung-on-a-chip microdevice.Science translational medicine,4(159), 159ra147-159ra147. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004249 James, S., Murphy, T., Waterhouse, D. F., Gallagher, J., OConnell, E., Barton, D., McDonald, K. (2015). 22 Role of 12-lead electrocardiography in predicting heart failure in the community. Retrieved from https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/Suppl_5/A12.1 Karinda, M., Eff, A. R. Y., Ramatillah, D. L. DRUG RELATED PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE PATIENT IN MINTOHARDJO HOSPITAL.International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching Practices (IJPTP), 1491. Retrived from file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/SUPPLEMENT%20angkatan%2031.pdf Kim, Y. J., Lee, Y. J., Ryoo, S. M., Sohn, C. H., Ahn, S., Seo, D. W., ... Kim, W. Y. (2016). Role of blood gas analysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.Medicine,95(25). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003960 Kushimoto, S., Taira, Y., Kitazawa, Y., Okuchi, K., Sakamoto, T., Ishikura, H., ... Yoshikawa, K. (2012). The clinical usefulness of extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index to diagnose and characterize pulmonary edema: a prospective multicenter study on the quantitative differential diagnostic definition for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.Critical Care,16(6), R232. Doi: 10.1186/cc11898 Mammoto, A., Mammoto, T., Kanapathipillai, M., Yung, C. W., Jiang, E., Jiang, A., ... Ingber, D. E. (2013). Control of lung vascular permeability and endotoxin-induced pulmonary oedema by changes in extracellular matrix mechanics.Nature communications,4, 1759. doi:10.1038/ncomms2774 Mebazaa, A., Yilmaz, M. B., Levy, P., Ponikowski, P., Peacock, W. F., Laribi, S., ... McDonagh, T. (2015). Recommendations on pre?hospital early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine.European journal of heart failure,17(6), 544-558. Doi: 10.1002/ejhf.289 Miniati, M., Cenci, C., Monti, S., Poli, D. (2012). Clinical presentation of acute pulmonary embolism: survey of 800 cases.PloS one,7(2), e30891. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030891 Norhammar, A., Johansson, I., Thrainsdottir, I. S., Rydn, L. (2017). Congestive heart failure.Textbook of Diabetes, 659-672. Doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch45 Swedberg, K., Komajda, M., Bhm, M., Borer, J., Robertson, M., Tavazzi, L., ... Shift Investigators. (2012). Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of beta-blocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the If inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,59(22), 1938-1945. Doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.020 Vital, F. M., Ladeira, M. T., Atallah, . N. (2013). Non?invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.The Cochrane Library. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005351.pub3 von Auenmueller, K. I., Christ, M., Sasko, B. M., Trappe, H. J. (2017). The value of arterial blood gas parameters for prediction of mortality in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock,10(3), 134. von Auenmueller, K. I., Christ, M., Sasko, B. M., Trappe, H. J. (2017). The value of arterial blood gas parameters for prediction of mortality in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock,10(3), 134. doi:10.4103/JETS.JETS_146_16